Petra Malmo Essay

AfricaPetra malena moe or more commonly known as Malla moe, was a missionary for about 28 years. Malla moe was born on September 12, 1863 in hafslo, Norway. In those years she had to overcome the struggle of some hard times. Malla moe ‘s mother Brita Lonhiem moe gave birth to nine children . Out of the nine children only six lived and Malla moe was one. She was a survivor from the beginning. When she was about 12 years old she started to go to evangelistic meetings. When Malla Moe’s aunt was on her death bed she asked Malla moe to come with her to heaven. Malla moe began to want a deeper walk with God. Later after her father’s death it made her realize that our actions must follow beliefs even if it was different than the â€Å"normal† religious behavior. Malla moe made a promise to her mom on her death bed to take care of her little sister Dorothea after she had peace and assurance of her own salvation. This is when Malla moe began to want to serve God and tell people about God’s word. Karin (Malla Moe’s sister), invited Malla moe and Dorothea (Malla Moe’s other sister) to come live with her in Chicago. When Malla moe was there she attended trinity Lutheran church, but more importantly she attended moody church led by Reuben Archer Torrey. Torrey was a man that challenged Malla moe to become a missionary. Even though she desired to become a missionary she lacked in the education to do so. In 1891 the conflict became more heated when she attended Fredrik Franson’s evangelistic meetings. In June a group of missionary’s arrived to begin there langue’s study with East Africa Free mission in ekutandanei, natal. The reality of the African life quickly tested the faith and commitment of the missionary’s. Many missionaries could not take the harsh conditions of Africa. Malla moe had to go through intense langue study because of her lack in education. As a supplement to the program she spent short periods of time in African tribal kraals (camps). Malla moe joined in African work with a native, mapelepele gamede. They were both baptized together but Malla got baptized then for the second time. mapelepele gamedes inability to read was a stumbling block, but after a long time in the forest he returned with a great gift of immediate literacy. Malla Moe thought it was truly a miracle from God. He was renamed Johane, then he became Malla’s life long companion and a great helper as she faced problems with her language and cultural background. He also became a national helper that would accompany her into the kraals (camps) and help her train native converts. In 1898 a permanent mission site was built, named bethel. That is where Malla spent most of her time for the next fifty six years. She was a driving and forceful leader where ever she worked. After the three-year furlough in 1902 Malla begun to gather financial and spiritual support. A group called Afrika Gruppen in Minnesota, sent fund to help support Malla Moe from 1904 until her death. One of Malla’s three years were spent in Norway. When Malla was in chapel she was forbidden to speak because of her loud outburst, and her blunt way she spoke to people, which was appropriate in Africa but not in Norway. In Norway they had a very conservative chapel service compared to the African Service she was used to. In 1916 a furlough extended the next six years. At that time Malla worked in Chicago, east and west coasts and in Canada. When she was in Norway she had more successful visits then the pervious one and she helped in some of the revivals. During that time she was disabled with a hip injury for the second time. In October 1992 she returned to Africa. Because of Malla moes dominating behavior and her disregard of others’ feeling and responsibilities. But because of the head of a new bible school dropped the request of eliminating her from the staff. Malla Moe’s term begun and lasted the following thirty-one years until her death.  in 1927 Malla moe began a wagon missionary when she was sixty five years old. With the help of a driver, a leader of the donkey team of eight pairs and girls to do the cooking, Malla moe began journeys into untraveled and unevangelized areas. They would set up camp and work within an eight mile radius. The wagon ministry traveled through Swaziland, and then to Tonga land. Her life-long helpe r joined her on the journeys she took. This lasted ten years until 1938, because Malla moe was operated on at Nazarene Hospital in Bremersdorp for a severe attack of boils. The need to consolidate her efforts resulted in a â€Å"circularly† letter sent to friends and supporter started in 1932 with the help of jenson. The number began with 132 and then grew to hundreds. A new church was started in 1944, seeded by a personal gift from Malla moe and it was completed five years later. By 1950 Malla Moe’s health had been broken by a mountain climb to visit a kraal (camp) when she was not well. Although the physical difficulties were hard for her to bear she would often say â€Å"all grace of god. † Malla moe died at the age of ninety on October 16, 1953. So Malla moe had to overcome some hard times but she always trusted and put her faith in God . She became known as a strong women of God. Through reading Malla Moe’s story it’s made me want to become a stronger person in God. Seeing all the things Malla moe went through for God. It has made me realize all the things we go through does not compare to what some missionary’s go through to serve god. She gave her whole life to the African people and it made me see that she was not a selfish person. Thinking about how Malla moe changed the world I would have to say she became a Strong persistent women of God . She lived all the days of her life trying to teach people the word of God . Malla moe tried to life her life showing the world a perfect example of how God would want us to live. She was a truly dedicated women of God until the day she went to meet Jesus in heaven . She must of changed the people in Africa’s life the most. She showed them dedication to God . She also taught them that the love of God is worth living for. The people of Africa also learned to trust in God especially in the harsh conditions many people where exposed to in Africa . We will never know how many people that this one woman touched and changed their lives . I am sure in Africa her name is still known among many . Her stories are handed down throughout generations . If only we can live our lives with a servants hart we to could touch many lives. She died in Africa. Her story told of hardship, long treks in the bush, sacrifice, and love for Jesus. Heaven will only reveal how many people came to Christ because of her. In my report I talked to you about Petra malena moe and how she got through her hard times.

Jewish Culture Essay

The first Jewish custom, Brit Milah also known as circumcision, takes places at the birth of a boy baby. It is carried out on the eighth day after the baby has been born; it is performed by a Mohel, where the baby’s foreskin of the penis is removed. The second Jewish custom is called The Naming Ceremony, which takes place on the first Sabbath that immediately follows the birth of a baby girl. This event takes place inside of a synagogue. On this day either parents or just the father is called for a blessing and a reading to the torah. The third Jewish custom is the Bat/ Bar Mitzvah, this ceremony marks and commemorates the entry of a young Jew into the Jewish adult community. This ceremony has been in practice for the last 450 years. The person concerned in the Mitzvah is required to read the Haftorah which is the portion of the Torah for the week and then give a scholarly comment or speech. Bat Mitzvah is the name of the ceremony for girls, and Bar Mitzvah is the name of the ceremony for boys. Ideal gift would include; Mezuzah cases, Charity boxes, and or Kiddush cups. The fourth Jewish custom is called a Simcha, which is also known as Marriage, and it is performed under a canopy. The fifth Jewish customs is called The Mikovaot this ceremony is a cleansing bath that is a ritual and is one of the longest standing practices in Jewish customs. This ceremony is performed to endow marriages. Orthodox Jewish women are required to dip themselves in this bathe very month after their menstruation before they resume relations of marriage with their husbands. Language: there are various Jewish languages and dialects that developed in the Jewish communities around the world. Hebrew was the daily speech of the Jewish people for centuries, but by the fifth century the closely related Aramaic joined Hebrew as the spoken language in Judea. By the third century Jews of diaspora were speaking Greek and soon afterwards Hebrew was no longer used as a mother tongue. For centuries Jews worldwide spoke the local or dominant languages of the region migrated to, where they would develop distinctive dialectal forms or branching off as independent languages. Among the most widely spoken Jewish languages to develop in the diaspora are; Yiddish and Ladino. Yiddish is the Judeo- German language developed by Ashkenazi Jews who migrated to central Europe. Ladino is also called Judezmo and Muestra Spanyol is the Judeo- Spanish language developed by Sephardic Jews who lived in the Iberian Peninsula. Religion: the Jewish religion is the monotheistic based on the belief in a single all powerful God. The Jewish doctrine is based on the Ten Commandments as spelt out in the Old Testament. The Hebrew bible had provided the foundations for Christianity. Jesus, Mary and the Apostles were all Jews and the origin of many Christian festivals, psalms and beliefs lay in Judaism. The Jews refused to convert to the new faith of Christianity which is called the New Testament, so they stubbornly maintained their separate religious beliefs and their distinct customs and laws. The Jews also have a Shabbat which takes place on the seventh day of the Jewish week and is the Jewish day for rest. Jew recall the biblical creation account in Genesis in which God creates the Heaven and Earth in six days and rests on the seventh day. Immigration trends: the Jews of Eastern Europe began to emigrate in large numbers from their homelands, beginning in the 1880’s. Between 1881 and 1914 about 2,370,000 Jews fled from poverty and oppression, especially from Trarist Russia notorious for its violent anti- Jewish mobs and pogroms. A great number of these Jews reached the United States and a small minority would establish the first modern Jewish settlements in Palestine. By 1924 the United States had placed strict limits on immigration and the number of Jews admitted was drastically decreased. Other countries soon followed suit and Jews desiring to emigrate or flee from the Nazis found themselves faced with sealed boarders throughout most of the world in the 1930’s. Foods: the Jews have a set of laws about the food they can and cannot eat, these laws are called Kashrut, and a food that is not in accordance with the Jewish law is called Treif. In the Kashrut law, there are prohibitions to consume species (such as pork and most insects), the mixtures of meat and milk, and the commandment to slaughter mammals and birds according to a process known as Shechita. Most of the basic laws of Kashrut are from the Torah’s books of Leviticus and Deuteronomy. The Torah does not state the reason for most of the Kashurt laws, but for every law that the Kashurt has each one is biblically written in the bible. Some of the Jewish favourite foods include the following; Babka which is a chocolate – filled challah (egg) bread. Bagel is another favourite Jewish food that is boiled and baked yeast bread. Bialy which similar to bagel, filled with onions and other ingredients there is also Brisket it is a raised meat from the chest area of a cow. Challah is another favourite food it is braided egg bread, Charoset is an apple and nut dish generally served at Passover. Cholent/ Chamin are a slow- cooked stew meat, potatoes, beans and barley. Another favourite dish is Chopped liver, Chrain and pickled horseradish. Farfel is small pellet- shaped egg pasta, used in dishes like kugel. Goulash is a meat stew matzaball soup, and last but not least the Jews love to drink Chicken soup on Friday and Saturday nights. Community events: the Jews have their Synagogues where they have their Jewish celebrations. The Jewish community also celebrates Passover, when the Jews celebrate Passover they are not allowed to use any electricity, and they light candles. The Hanukah is the festival of lights; they also celebrate the Rosh Hashanah which is the Jewish New Year.

Black Experience Essay Research Paper WEB DuBois

Black Experience Essay, Research Paper W.E.B DuBois criticized Washington greatly because of his political and educational doctrines. DuBois was an advocator of higher instruction and gifted black leaders. He felt that Washington s advocation for industrial larning finally hindered the black person and placed them in a place to accept a position of a 2nd category citizen. DuBois felt that inkinesss should endeavor for their rights and non put them aside for economic addition. Due to increasing battle to get the better of racial barriers, Washington s thoughts began to free influence by the 1910. DuBois along with Marcus Garvey brought in new, more extremist thoughts. Despite the fact that Garvey and Dubois presented more extremist thoughts than those of Washington, they were still political antagonists. DuBois believed that one could work within the model of American society to make alteration. Garvey believed that inkinesss could neer obtain justness in a state where the bulk of the population was white. He advocated that inkinesss should see Africa as their fatherland and they should settle at that place. Garvey founded his Back-to-Africa, upon this doctrine. Washington, DuBois, and Garvey have extremely different point of views, but his can be attributed to the fact that they came from really different backgrounds. Booker T. Washington was born a slave in Virginia. After emancipation he worked in what would be considered comparatively unskilled labour places. He subsequently went on to analyze at Hampton University where he would subsequently learn. The experiences in his life fused with his experience with instruction would take him to establish Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. In Washington s life he found that difficult industrial work and basic instruction assisted in his success. He used his ain life experiences as the greatest theoretical account for his thoughts on the black race. DuBois had a really contrasting background to that of Washington. DuBois came from a more privileged background. His life work centered around the betterment of African Americans, but he wanted to make so with the concerted attempt of inkinesss every bit good as broad white. DuBois attracted largely upper category and rational inkinesss in the beginning of his calling. He subsequently shifted his idea to appeal to everyone through emotion. Despite his attempts in the ulterior part of his calling to appeal to everyone, DuBois tended to estrange poorer inkinesss, who turned to Marcus Garvey s school of idea. Garvey grew up in impoverished Jamaica where he received minimum schooling. He relocated to Latin America and so E ngland where he was exposed to the Pan-African Movement. These thoughts were the foundation for his Back to Africa motion in the United States. The thought of a dissentious African American community did non merely manifest itself in the opposing sentiments of Washington, DuBois and Garvey. It surfaced in the motions and leaders that were the replacement of these three work forces. Martin L. King represented different ideals than those of Malcolm X. Malcolm X had really different position points than those of the likes of Eldridge Cleaver, Stokley Carmichael and Huey Newton. Basically these other three opposing position points stem from a different clip period, but the same type of splits in the schools of thought arise. These leaders basically represented and appealed to different groups of black people. The black community has neer obtained a triumph for all the sectors of its community. Yes, the civil rights motion made great headrooms for the black community politically, but it did non win at turn toing the economic conditions of the hapless black individual. It besides did non appeal to the black person who was concerne d about advancing the complete political and economic control of the black community. The civil rights motion was chiefly a triumph that has led to the prosperity of the in-between category inkinesss of the 1960 s. In the interim groups like the black under category have been left to drop or swim in America s capitalistic economic system which thrives of the really fact that there is an lower class. Washington s, DuBois and Garvey s point of views are clearly representative of positions that can be taken on by modern-day Afro-american in the new millenary. There is no cosmopolitan black American experience, the exclusive consolidative commonalty possibly that all inkinesss to some degree experience the effects of bondage. Soon in the United States the black community can be divided in to many subdivisions such as upper category, in-between category, working category, under category. With in all of these classs, there are farther divisions of the Afro-american that has recent West-Indian, African, Latin and European roots. All of these subsets of the black community have wholly different life positions. The black jobs of the 1920 s remain unreciprocated and the continue to resurface continually in the millenary. Black America must recognize that it is merely through he corporate digest of different schemes like those of Washington, DuBois and Garvey can black America present the blow that will be necessary to truly undertake the jobs of most of black America.

Contract Law - Doctrine of Consideration and Promissory Estoppel Essay

Contract Law - Doctrine of Consideration and Promissory Estoppel - Essay Example as stipulated by this doctrine, any party relying to his or her detriment on another partys promise may make that promise enforceable to such extent as her/his reliance. However, any action under the promissory estoppel doctrine is highly likely to be executed under equity in absence of a jury. It may also fail if the plaintiff cannot demonstrate the element that there will be a result of injustice if the oral promise by the promisor is not enforced. A plaintiff of promissory estoppels doctrine has also to overcome a great deal of hostility by the judiciary to such doctrine. Even if the plaintiff is successful under this, it may not be possible to make a recovery of the whole benefit in which he/she was bargaining.1 (Luepke, 2002) In the period from year 1809 to 1991, common law has made a clear provision that any promise by a party to make a performance of any act, which that party has prior legal obligation to perform, such is not a good consideration. In the same line, any promise received as part of exchange is unenforceable. Such is the case even if the promise would impact by creating a new contract altogether or even modifying the existing contracts terms. The court of appeal of England has the power to make changes to the law as it has been settled. In the case of William versus Roffey where the facts were that the promisee made to the promisor an understanding that as the promisee he would extend his performance of his undertaking as per the previous contract. It was held by the court that the accruing practical benefit to this cases promisor from the previous promises repetition would be enough consideration to make such a promise to raise the prior payment an enforceable fact in law. The promise made afterwards outside the process of bargaining was neither offered nor solicited.2 (Twyford, 2002) When the two doctrines interact a controversial situation arises.

Customer Service-Customer Friendly Website-discussion Personal Statement

Customer Service-Customer Friendly Website-discussion - Personal Statement Example in order to attract customers and make them stay and shop. The website should have good navigation which actually means simple and not overloaded navigation (Singh). First, Shirts Shop website has simple color scheme in white and navy with no violent colors, thus the content on the website is rather readable. The company’s logo is also rather simple and laconic. When coming to the website’s home page, the customer sees the popups demonstrating and drawing attention to the most interesting propositions to date. The navigation is very simple with the main goods’ categories located in the line in the upper part of the page. The goods offered on the website are supplied with comprehensive description and high-quality photos (including demonstration photos of aprons on models). All the contact information of the company is put at the bottom of every page. Moreover, to my thinking, the website is accessible for every user, the fonts are highly readable, and the speed o f its operation is rather high. Taking into account these characteristics, this website can be claimed to be

Professional Organizations Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Professional Organizations Paper - Essay Example like a labor union. Most learned societies require certain level of experience, qualifications, accreditations and references for acquiring professional status in a particular discipline. If one is pursuing nursing profession as career then joining American Nursing Association would be an excellent decision. Because it’s about professionalism ANA membership differentiate one among other nursing practitioners, giving industry recognition of one’s skills and experience apart from benefits depicted below: American Nurses Association (ANA) is the only oldest and largest full service organization of nurses having over 2.9 million registered members and 54 constituent members associations since 1911. ANA is truly a voice of nurses by promoting highly professional practice standards, publicizing positive view of nursing in addition to protecting nurses in workplace. It firmly tries to influence Congress and other regulatory agencies on health care issues affecting citizens. (About ANA, 2008) With the advent of Internet and advances in information technology along with the society’s publications, journals and conferences ANA platform gives nurses an opportunity to speak on current and imminent health issues. These thoughts reach at larger scale through ANA’s mutual relationships with other organisations, which help nurses to better prepare for the ever changing needs of profession and patients. Apart from credentialing members in specialized areas of work, American Nurses Association sincerely fosters legislations for the advancement and recognition of the nursing line of work and of those who are connected to this profession. As a leader in profession American Nurses Association not only advocates members’ rights and interests but it also makes sure that each member is governed by professional code of practice and standards and the

Sexaul harassment in the workplace Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sexaul harassment in the workplace - Assignment Example The victims are mostly females, and these victims respond in different manners, researchers and practitioners have posited that the following are the common responses displayed by the victims (Cortina & Berdahl, 2008): reporting, confrontation, social support-seeking and denial. Furthermore, reporting as well as confrontation are common amongst the victims those belong to lower occupational strata and responses like avoidance and denial are common amongst victims from affluent families. It is worth inclusion that victims of sexual harassments have been from the same sex as well. Numerous studies (Pina, Gannon, & Saunders, 2009) have been carried out to understand learn more about perpetrators of sexual harassment, the harassers have been found to be lacking social conscience, they engage in immature as well as irresponsible behaviours and as regards their personality measures they are irresponsible, and insensitive towards women.

Sacred place Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sacred place - Research Paper Example Consider the difference between a contemporary Catholic Church and the traditional sacred places indicated in the Holy Bible. Sacred places have been part of human life as proven by history. They serve as houses for religious rituals and places for professing beliefs. They cater the traditions that take care of the morality of mankind through ages. Also as the time passed by, various changes happened in the world and sacred places also evolved together with the modernization and civilization of men (Olsen, 2000). Normally religions make use of a guide book that they consider holy or a book that contains the Truth or message of supernatural beings. Usually myths or stories are seen in the book of each religion and later on during the ceremony of the faithful, a certain spiritual leader reads and explains the stories and myths in the book. It is done for the cleansing of the soul as all religions address the concept of spirit or the spiritual nature of human beings (Nye, 2004). In relation to rituals and the history, sacred places change in terms of structure. Ancient sacred places are usually one with nature like mountains, caves, piled stone or near trees and river. Ancient people also built temples for rituals and for communication improvement of the soul with the humanity. As the time goes by, the old temples and natural sacred places are replaced by religious centers located in the cities and buildings (Olsen, 2000). A good example is the Catholic Church and its origin can be traced back from Judaism, a religion in Israel and Jerusalem. Jerusalem is considered as the City of God as verses of several books in the Holy Bible show. Other sacred places of the religion are Mt. Sinai, Rome and places that are not physically visible today like Heaven and Garden of Eden (Holm and Boker, 1994). In order for the believers to understand the message of God, religious centers called churches are built where the members of the religion can practice

Public Relations Theory and Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Public Relations Theory and Practice - Essay Example Since the study of organizations is to a large extend theoretical in nature, it is inevitable that we consider the nature and function of theory. Public relations as an example of a theory play a key role in establishing how individuals in an organization communicate and relate to one another (Middleton, Kent & Chamberlin, Bill. 1994p.36). Public relations can be learnt in the context of real-world happenings for example through analysis of events that are happening and discussing them. It can also be learnt through consideration of stories that have been successful and also discussion of unethical practices. Leaning of public relations helps one to develop very good interpersonal relations and hence be able to grow very well in careers such as information and management. Press secretaries, communication specialists and information officers are the specialists of public relations of the government (Middleton, Kent & Chamberlin, Bill. 1994P.205). Their work is to provide the government with the information about the activities of its agencies as well as officials. For example a specialist in the public affairs or a specialist in communication seeks to provide information to the public on travel advisories. Public relations theory and practice has a process which involves four steps and it has a very critical role in ensuring that mass media messages are produced in plenty. Research is a very important tool in an attempt to know the programmes and as well as actions of public relations (Pinsdorf, Marion, 1986P.76). One must know the ethical, moral and legal considerations of public relations as well as understanding the opinions that the public has, bearing in mind the difference between persuasion and propaganda. The British perceive this practice of the EU of having few children due to use of family planning methods negatively over the age of 50s. In Britain, there is a coordinated and a more centralized way of implementing progressive retirements, something which the British over 50s have a negative attitude to. In the EU decentralized and sectoral agreements are used to implement progressive retirements, something which the British over 50s perceive negatively. Britain is very strong economically and has much job opportunities, as opposed to EU. Therefore, it has a negative attitude to enhancement of public relations since this means that the EU institutions will be benefiting from its' resources. Britain is very stable economically as opposed to the EU and EU institutions and hence promoting public relations among the British over 50s and the Europeans will mean that the British will be out-sourcing its' fund to the Europeans and the European institutions. This makes the British over 50s to have a negative attitude over the development of public relations between them and the Europeans. In addition, Britain enjoys a very strong defense system which the British over 50s don't like it to be shared with other countries and institutions outside for example the European and the European institutions. This is also a reason as to why the British over

Emergency Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Emergency Communications - Essay Example olds at a cheaper price, but at the same time makes it hard for other video signals to pass through the same channel to other TV sets in the same region. Considering the US Federal Communication Commission analog standard, one program is delivered in a 6 MHz band (Fotheringham and Sharma, 2008). Using digital formats, the same frequency space can deliver about five to ten pictures similar in clarity, or at least two programs in high definition. Additionally, a single 6 MHz broadcast TV spectrum channel can also supply broadcast services (Fotheringham and Sharma, 2008). However, the broadcast service is eliminated by the FCC digital TV standard, which states that TV stations must deliver high definition videos across the whole 6 MHz band allocation in order to retain their licenses (Fotheringham and Sharma, 2008). The result is underutilization of techniques that save spectrum span and emission of too much power by TV broadcasters. The broadcast TV represents the traditional spectrum management, which suggests that governments must have a control over the usage of frequency to limit and prevent harmful interferences. Thus, the government resolves to the administrative allocation or the state property management of the frequency. The increasing number of interconnections to other systems and the evolution of technologies utilized contribute to the significant changes taking place in the electric utilities operation and design of automation and control systems. These changes present some very challenging aspects in the utilities, including interoperability and cyber security. Nonetheless, interoperability has the highest priority between the two challenges. Operability is a key requirement in assisting vendors and utilities to solve the cyber security challenge. Interoperability has been present in arguments concerning the smart grid, but absent in the cyber security section. Interoperability is possible with almost all cyber security solutions, but only in

Processes involved in the human kidney Essay Example for Free

Processes involved in the human kidney Essay -Blood enters each kidney via renal artery and leaves each kidney via renal vein -Urine exists the kidney through a duct called the ureter and the uruters of both kidneys drain into a common urinary bladder -Kidney consists of outer renal cortex and inner renal medulla -Nephron is functional unit of vertebrate kidney -Consists of single long tubule and ball of capillaries called the glomerulus -Bowmans capsule surrounds the glomerulus -Kidney regulates the composition of the blood and produce urine -Filtration occurs as blood pressure forces water, urea, salts, and other small solutes from the blood in the glomerulus into the Bowmans capsule -Nonselective -Filtrate goes into proximal tube, loop of Henle (a hairpin turn with a descending limb and ascending limb) and the distal tubule -Kidney consists of cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons (only in mammals and birds) -Most of filtrate is reabsorbed back into blood; the kidneys take out about 1% -Proximal and distal tubules are the most common sites of secretion -Very selective process with both passive and active transport of solutes -Proximal, distal tubules, and loop of Henle contribute to Reabsorption -Collecting duct also helps in Reabsorption -Mammalians kidneys ability to conserve water is considered an important adaptation -Antidieretic hormone is important in osmoregulation -Made in hypothalamus and released when osmolarity in blood rises above certain point -ADH acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts by increasing their permeability to water -Causes more water Reabsorption -Is turned off through negative feedback -Juxtaglomerulur apparatus located in the vicinity of the afferent arteriole, which supplies blood to the glomerulus -When blood pressure or blood volume in the afferent arteriole drops, the enzyme rennin causes chemical reactions that create a peptide called angiotensin II -Angiotensin II increases blood pressure and blood volume by constricting arterioles and decreasing blood flow to many capillaries like the kidney -Causes more salt and water reabsorption to increase blood volume -Causes release of aldosterone, which also acts on nephrons distal tubules and helps, reabsorb more sodium and water -Negative feedback turns rennin production off -Called the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system -Atrial natriuretic factor opposes RAAS -Released by the heart in response to an increase in blood volume and pressure -Inhibits the release of rennin -Inhibits NaCl reabsorption and reduces aldosterone release from adren

Basic Plan for Literacy Activities Essay Example for Free

Basic Plan for Literacy Activities Essay The literacy plan is set to teach 5th grader students that need special education. This is primarily a plan for one week lesson in a classroom. The strategy of teaching is mainly composed of Activity (A), Discussion (D), Incorporation (I), Deepening (D), and Synthesis (S) or simply ADIDS. The literacy program or technique will basically start with an activity which will stimulate the senses and awareness of the students with the topic or lesson. The students will be group into teams and compete. This should be a fun game which also details the purpose of the subject. Example is the game â€Å"Pass the Message† which details the subject like Mathematics or basic knowledge on Science and Technology in connection to the topic to be discussed. The next step is to have a brief discussion and introduction to the topic by relating the activity to the subject to be discussed. For the given example above, the importance of knowledge in the basic operations in our daily life and some basic knowledge in Science and Technology should be included with the introduction of the subject to the students. This will primarily enhance and stimulate their awareness with the importance of the course to their daily lives and encourage them to listen and participate with the discussion that was prepared. Next would be the incorporation of the knowledge to be discussed. This will include the teaching of the main subject and the basic operations, providing some examples and analysis of the subject. The next step would be the deepening part which will include some tests that will help the students to practice the knowledge that they have learned in the discussion. This will provide them the skills and help them to retain the knowledge in their minds through deep analysis and understandings. The last process would be the synthesis which will include the familiarization of the processes involve by providing some assignments and brief review of the subject matters that are discussed in the classroom. This would definitely enhance their capacity to develop new techniques and individual skills that will make them be more comprehensive and equipped with the lesson that they have learned in the classroom.

Impact of Money on Happiness

Impact of Money on Happiness The love of money, as they say, is the root of all evil. Yet money remains an essential commodity in everyday living. It is a universal need that is pursued one way or the other world over. There are several amenities in life that can mostly only be purchased by money; hence the lack of it can speedily reduce an individual, any individual into distress and a state of depression. Money is acquired by several means; for most people of certain ages, to acquire money means to simply work for it. For others of younger and even older ages, their acquisition of money is largely determined by others, such as parents, guardians in the case of younger people or the government, pension and previous investments in the case of the older generation. All in all, money is an essential part of living. It may not necessarily be the most important aspect in life as will be critically examined later on but it most certainly ranks very high indeed on the list. Some might argue that with enough money or a dequate finances, every other aspect of life falls into perspective. Yet it may immediately be counter argued that the term ‘enough money or adequate finances’ is, in itself, a relative one. What constitutes adequate finances, when is a man said to have enough money? Perhaps it is worth mentioning at this juncture the economic theory of supply and demand and vice versa. The more you make, the more you need. Human need is such that can never be fully satisfied. For instance the needs and demands of a toddler differ significantly from that of a teenager as does that of a man in his 20s from that of a family man with children. Is it then possible to quantify one’s overall state of wellbeing by how much wealth the individual has been fortunate enough to acquire? Can money be said to possess the ability of buying or at the very least orchestrating happiness? What, in the first instance, is happiness? While it remains difficult to attribute a specific definition to hha ppiness, it is often referred to as the state of well-being characterised by emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy or emotions experienced when in a state of well-being. The opposite of ‘happiness’ would therefore be ‘sadness’ or to be in a sober mood. Happiness is a robust state of mind that has been pursued by mankind since the stone ages and is as old as man himself. Man as a social being has goals and expectations in life. Such goals and expectations are quite naturally based on individual beliefs, societal or cultural norms as well as personal experiences. It is however safe to surmise that whatever a man’s[1] ambitions, goals, expectations and desires, when these desires and expectations appear to be within easy grasp and ultimately achieved, he will naturally be in a state of well being and experience what is known as happiness. Some of the major contributory factors to happiness include but are by no means limited to the following: Good or optimum state of health Secured and well paid employment Supportive family or friends As pointed out above however, these factors are based on individual concepts of happiness and the means by which this state of mind can be achieved. From the factors above, it becomes increasingly visible that happiness can be analysed from the economic as well as psychological perspectives. According to economists, it is a standard assumption that happiness – individual utility in the economic vocabulary depends on income, leisure and sometimes a few other factors. Yet, although mainstream models would predict that higher income leads to greater happiness, most earlier empirical research has been unable to find a sufficiently strong correlation between subjective well-being and per capita income in rich countries to support the standard utility assumption.[2] In a research carried out in the 90s, it was discovered that even though many, if not all, African countries were classed as under developed societies where poverty assails most of the population, people were still happ ier than others of more substantial means in countries like the United Kingdom and the United States. In a country like Nigeria for instance, the term ‘depression’ was almost a strange expression for many while others who had heard of the world had never even come close to suffering such a low state of mind. Research on the other hand, shows that quite a significant number of patients in the UK suffer depression which is the exact opposite of happiness or a state of bliss and well being. The pursuit of happiness and all it entails has been a goal shared by people world over more than any other goal in the history of mankind. While economics might be associating the pursuit and ultimate capture, so to speak, of this rather elusive blissful state of mind with the accumulation of wealth and material satisfaction, it has been proven in recent times that this may not very well be the case. In fact, a positive association has been shown to hold only at certain points in time within particular countries and not for the group of high-income countries as a whole.[3] The usual explanations given for this paradox are either that people compare themselves with their peers and neighbours[4] or that as incomes increase, so do people’s income aspirations[5]. Both these factors are assumed to be present already at fairly modest levels of per-capita income. However, one recurring problem with previous studies is that conclusions on the absence of an effect of economic performance on well-being have typically been based on either limited cross-sectional samples which may be contaminated by a strong time-constant cultural component[6] or on sparse and incomplete longitudinal data.[7] The unavoidable fact remains that with the accumulation of wealth or any other commodity for that matter, comes more responsibility or need which in turn leads to even more desire for greater accumulation. In that regard, it might be safe to surmise that perhaps wealth or its end less accumulation does not exactly guarantee happiness.[8] For instance, if a man is said to have achieved his goal and been fortunate, lucky or smart enough to secure a fantastic job and comfortable income, if the economist approach on consumer behaviour is accurate, he should be in a blissful state of mind. However there are other factors which need to be considered to determine a man’s state of mind and this is where the psychological and social researches into happiness comes into play. In support of Duesenberry’s paradox, Kenneth Arrow believes that it offered â€Å"one of the most significant contributions of the postwar period to our understanding of economic behaviour†[9] and that it was to be commended for attempting to link economic theory more directly with psychological motivations and with consumer learning processes.[10] Some saw Duesenberrys work as attempting to broaden the theoretical economists horizon.[11] Others like A. C. Pigou, expressed se rious methodological reservations but nonetheless commended the potential significance of the work.[12] In more recent times, there has been a steadily increasing interest on the part of economists in happiness research. It has been argued that reported subjective well-being is a satisfactory empirical approximation to individual utility and that happiness research is able to contribute important insights for economics. It has also been reported how the economic variables such as income, unemployment and inflation affect happiness as well as how institutional factors, in particular the type of government; democracy or dictatorship and the extent of government decentralisation, systematically influence how satisfied individuals are with their life, the effects and some of the consequences for economic policy and for economic theory. Whereas psychologists and sociologists have been researching the concept of happiness for a very long time, the economist approach to happiness is actual ly a more recent approach. Early economists and philosophers, ranging from Aristotle, who promulgated that a happy life is a good complete life and concluded that although happiness is good other things are equally good and important; such things as health and wealth, knowledge and friendship, and a good moral character[13] to Bentham, who formulated that â€Å"happiness is the greatest good†[14] John Stuart Mill, an ardent supporter and disciple of Bentham who agreed that â€Å"†¦. actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness†¦.†[15] have all incorporated the pursuit of happiness in their work. Yet as economics grew more rigorous and quantitative, more parsimonious definitions of welfare took hold. Utility was taken to depend only on income as mediated by individual choices or preferences within a rational individual’s monetary budget constraint. Even within a more orthodox f ramework, focusing purely on income can miss key elements of welfare as numerous economists have noted over time. People have different preferences for material and non-material goods. They may choose a lower paying but more personally rewarding job, for example. The study of happiness or subjective well-being is part of a more general move in economics that challenges these narrow assumptions. Richard Easterlin was one of the first modern economists to re-visit the concept of happiness, beginning in the early 1970s.[16] In economic researches world over, when people are asked relevant questions about what for them constitutes happiness, the answers are mostly identical. For those who are currently struggling to make ends meet, those who are out of jobs, those who are classified as under priviledged in society by virtue of their meager or no income it would appear that the wide belief is that money can indeed buy happiness. But when probed further and deeper, it emerges that money on its own, may not necessarily bring happiness but mere momentary satisfaction. What money certainly does however is to relief people from their financial burdens. Where a family struggles to pay the rent/mortgage at the end of every month, bills accumulate from lack of adequate finances, holidays are a thing of the past or never experienced. If such a family is transported to a place where they can suddenly afford to consolidate their debts, pay off the mortgage, go on holidays, eat what and when they like, their spirits will certainly be lifted significantly higher than when they had little or nothing to exist on. It is therefore apt to surmise that money would most probably clear debts, reduce or out rightly pay off mortgages, which would certainly be a tremendous source of relief for most people. Money however may not necessarily have the ability to purchase true happiness. The human brain is trained to adapt to situations, good or bad. It is therefore only a matter of time before the new found wealth becomes a ‘given’ and the family is faced with other challenges. Many people, cross-section, agree that acquisition or possession of significantly more money than they have at the moment can calm their day to day frustrations and perhaps distract them from their personal problems, but it cannot make them truly happy. If an individual is basically positive and optimistic, the acquisition of wealth will only enhance that persons life. It is believed that money can bring relief if the lack of it is causing stress (as is the case in the majority). If however, a person is generally neurotic, unhappy and pessimistic, no amount of money will eradicate such pessimism or other unrelated psychological problems the individual deals with on a daily basis. A windfall can also bring problems to people who have no idea how to deal with money. To those who have lived from hand to mouth all their lives, unless they are intelligent about it, there is a tendency to fritter a windfall away. One has to know how to use or invest money wisely, in order to make it work for them. In a survey carried out in England and America on lottery winners it became a clear pattern that people essentially remain who they basically were before winning the lottery. A pessimistic, uninspired individual who wins  £1,000,000 in lottery is more likely to be back to exactly the same spot he was in before winning the lottery in less than five years. While a more optimistic, ambitious and level headed indiv idual who wins  £500,000 is more likely to go ahead and invest the money in ventures that will guarantee him better income for the foreseeable future. Money or shall we say too much money is itself a catalyst for trouble for those who are not psychologically balanced enough to handle instant wealth. Economists and psychologists have come together in numerous attempts to untangle the webs of how, why and why-not of money and the general state of well being/welfare. Of particular importance, it would appear, is the aspect of why money is seen by many as unable to set right all that is wrong in their lives and by so doing guarantee them lasting happiness. Why is it that the more money one has, the more one aspires to acquire? In the popular words of an artist ‘..the more money you come across, the more problems you have’[17] The economics of happiness is an approach to assessing welfare which combines the techniques typically used by economists with those more commonly used by psychologists. It relies on surveys of the reported wellbeing of hundreds of thousands of individuals across countries and continents.[18] Why is it that when one is finally able to possess those material things that appeared all so important in the absence of money and to basically achieve their dreams it only brings momentary joy? In attempting to answer these seemingly depressing questions, scholars of happiness have arrived at some insights that appear very useful and educational indeed. It has been commonly acknowledged and accepted that money can help find more happiness, so long as one knows just what to expect from it and does not have unrealistic expectations. Splashing out money on luxurious cars or even buying a private jet is not necessarily a means of utilising money to becoming happy. Research suggests that seeking the good life at a store is an expensive exercise in futility.[19] It is essential to realise and understand where one has been going wrong in order to achieve a blissful state of mind. According to Richard Gelfond, co-chairman and CEO of Imax, being an achiever and rising out of poverty certainly brings happiness. Wealth therefore appears to play a bigger factor in being happy than most would like to admit. In surveys, people consistently give thre e reasons for their personal happiness: wealth, family and health. Being richer means being able to afford better health, however debatable an argument this is. For a terminally ill patient for instance, perhaps with the notorious HIV virus or the equally formidable cancer; wealth most certainly affords them better treatment and immediate access to the very best specialists in those fields as well as the very best medication. The patients are therefore guaranteed far more comfort in their sickness than the ordinary man on the street who depends on the state or government for his treatment. At the end of the day however, can one honestly assert that the affordability of better health care makes the former patient happier than the latter? Can either be truly happy simply because one has more money than the other? Does it not then depend on the individual’s outlook on their conditions? Would the wealthy not willingly give up their wealth to become healthy again? Strange and surp rising as it might sound, it is not uncommon for the poorer man to come to better terms with his condition and find, if not downright happiness, some sort of peace in the terminal medical situation he finds himself than for his richer or wealthier counterpart. Professor Robert Shiller, a Professor of Economics at Yale University, in his argument for the advantages of having money is of the opinion that more money, in all likelihood, guarantees better relationships.[20] This is open to extensive debate and arguments. The simple question thereafter arises, if money or wealth enables one to find better relationships, how come then that most celebrities, by far the best paid individuals in the world, find it, from time immemorial, practically impossible to be happy in their relationships and marriages? It is common knowledge that marriages and relationships in Hollywood or any other star studded part of the world, for that matter, are more often than not, a fleeting experience for the p arties involved. Talking about celebrities and their wealth, if money does indeed procure happiness, why is it that the majority of celebrities have had at one time or the other alcohol problems, drug addiction issues, depression, suicidal tendencies and even in albeit admittedly fewer cases, death by over dose of one dangerous substance or the other? Surely if money brings happiness they, the celebrities with more money than most should be the happiest on earth. This is however evidently not the case. It stands to reason therefore that while money promotes a better sense of well being in some, better sense of achievement in others, contentment, the satisfaction that comes with the ability and affordability of luxury items o comfort, and even perhaps momentary happiness and joy in others, it is not the mere happenstance of such money or wealth in one’s life that procures happiness or any true sense of joy for the consumer. Tim Webber of the BBC’s Business Edition, in o ne of his editorials, ‘Why money doesn’t buy happiness’[21] quotes an African artist, Youssou N’Dour as follows†¦ â€Å"†¦ Forget money entirely†. Youssou NDour is reported as going on to say that there is plenty of happiness in Senegal, even though its people are not wealthy at all. Just see the joy that music and entertainment can bring to the boys in the poorest parts of Dakar. says Mr NDour. But he concedes that one thing was even better than the music and other elements that promote happiness in Senegal; the moment when Senegal beat France in the 2002 Football World Cup.[22] Catherine Sanderson, a psychology professor at Amherst College expresses her opinion on the debate of economics approach to happiness by saying that human beings are never satisfied. It is standard consumer behavioural pattern. The more we have, the more we are likely to want. It is the inherent nature of man. Ms. Sanderson authoritatively asserts that we always t hink just that little bit more money will be the answer to all our problems and bring ultimate satisfaction.[23] Indeed, it would appear that the more money one makes, the more one wants or continue to aspire to make. The more one has the less effective it is at bringing one joy. Little wonder it is therefore that this seeming paradox has long bedeviled economists. Another reputable scholar, Professor Dan Gilbert, psychology professor at Harvard University opines that â€Å"Once you get basic human needs met, a lot more money doesnt make a lot more happiness,[24]. Regrettably, there is no easy way out of being unhappy; money is no short cut to happiness for a depressed person. Overcoming one’s emotions and teaching one’s self to be happy can be more difficult that earning more money or winning the lottery as explained above. In fact, according to Matthew Herper,[25] if a person is handed $10, the pleasure centres of his brain lights up as if he were given food, sex or drugs. But that initial rush does not translate into long-term pleasure for most people. Surveys have found virtually the same level of happiness between the very rich individuals on the Forbes 400 and the Maasai herdsman of East Africa. Lottery winners return to their previous level of happiness after five years. Increases in income just do not seem to make people happier and most negative life experiences likewise have only a small impact on long-term satisfaction.[26] Probably via media exposure or even in real life, at some point in time or another extremely rich, wealthy and famous people have been seen to be unhappier than one would expect them to be, given the amount of material benefits that they have. It is surprising that a large number of wealthy people do not seem to experience the happiness that one would expect goes with so much money and riches. A study conducted by the University of Illinois indicated that more than 30 percent of the richest people in America were n ot as happy as the person who earned a modest income.[27] It is worth mentioning that more often than not, most of the sulking, miserable people one comes across in everyday life are rich people. This is obviously not due to the fact that these wealthy people are unable to afford three square meals, pay the mortgage, go on holiday or afford whatever luxurious item catches their fancy. Their misery is as a result of the fact that people generally seem to have more expectations from money. Money cannot buy anyone everything but in the minds of people who give up everything for money, it is difficult to accept, having acquired the wealth of their goal that they strove so hard to achieve partial success. This is not to negate the positive effects money has in the society and on one’s well being in particular. Yes, money most certainly is important to help one live life to the fullest and be able to experience the good things in life, not necessarily criminally expensive activitie s but such holidays, clothes, jewelries, and cars that become seemingly unreachable when one is void of the purchasing means. But at the same time, an increase in its inflow does not bring proportional happiness with it. As the age old saying goes†¦the grass will always (appear to) look greener on the other side. If ‘A’s’ income increases by $20,000, he is happy until he finds out his next door, perhaps less qualified neighbour’s income has increased by $60,000 and that the neighbour can now afford the car of A’s dreams without breaking the bank. The economics of happiness does not purport to replace income-based measures of welfare, but instead to complement them with broader measures of well-being. These measures are based on the results of large-scale surveys, across countries and over time, of hundreds of thousands of individuals who are asked to assess their own welfare. The surveys provide information about the importance of a range of factors which affect wellbeing, including income but also others such as health, marital and employment status, and civic trust. The approach, which relies on expressed preferences rather than on revealed choices, is particularly well suited to answering questions in areas where a revealed preferences approach provides limited information. Indeed, it often uncovers discrepancies between expressed and revealed preferences. The latter cannot fully gauge the welfare effects of particular policies or institutional arrangements which individuals are powerless to change. Examples of these inclu de the welfare effects of inequality, environmental degradation, and macroeconomic policies such as inflation and unemployment. In a recent happiness survey at the University of Colorado, it was established that actual involvement in doing things can bring more joy than having things. Gilovich and Leaf Van Boven, both of the University of Colorado conducted this survey by asking students what makes them happy, when and where. The students were also asked to ultimately decide if they were at the happiest when they were doing something as against when they were buying something. It emerged that man’s preoccupation with stuff obscures an important truth: that the things that do not last create the most lasting happiness. One reason may be that experiences tend to blossom and not diminish as they are recalled. In your memory, youre free to embellish and elaborate,[28] Gilovich admonished the students. â€Å"Your trip to Mexico may have been an endless parade of hassles punctuate d by a few exquisite moments. But looking back on it, your brain can edit out the surly cabdrivers, remembering only the glorious sunsets. So next time you think that arranging a vacation is more trouble than its worthor a cost youd rather not shoulderfactor in the delayed impact.†[29] Economists have found out in the United States for instance that an increase in income does not necessarily automatically yield an equal increase in one’s level of happiness. In one of the several surveys conducted, it was discovered that going from earning less than $20,000 a year to making more than $50,000 admittedly makes the recipient twice as likely to be happy, yet the payoff for then surpassing $90,000 is slight. And while the rich are happier than the poor, the enormous rise in living standards over the past 50 years has not made Americans happier.[30] Why? David Futrelle gave three reasons for this. According to him, we overestimate how much pleasure there is to be derived from having more. Humans are adaptable creatures, which has been a plus during assorted ice ages, plagues and wars. But, he argues, that is also why people are never all that satisfied for long when good fortune comes their way. While earning more makes people happy in the short term, we quickly ad just to the new wealth, status and everything that comes with it. Granted, there is bound to be a certain thrill and sense of achievement which comes with the first shiny and exotic car one buys from the increased income or new found wealth, splashing out on huge screen televisions and even spending money on family. But it is not long before all these become ‘normal’ and the consumer begins to want even more. It is when this insatiable appetite for more yields little or no result that man begins again to experience dissatisfaction and many people find themselves descending back to the very initial position they were in the first place; reverting to a state of running in place that economists call the ‘hedonic treadmill.’[31] The hedonic treadmill theory explains the popularly held observation that rich people are no happier than poor people, and that those with severe money problems are sometimes quite happy. The theory supports the argument that money does not buy happiness and that the pursuit of money as a way to reach this goal is futile. Good and bad fortunes may temporarily affect how happy a person is,but most people will end up back at their normal level of happiness.[32]Buttressing Mr. Yarrow’s point on the same subject, John Lanchester also observed that following studies of data from all over the world, it is clear that, instead of getting happier as they become better off, people get stuck in a place where their expectations rise at the same pace as their incomes and the happiness they seek remains constantly just out of reach.[33] Reference is here being made yet again to the hedonistic treadmill. Daniel Kahneman, the one time (2003) winner of Nobel Prize for economics is best known for his work on hedonic psychology.[34] Kahneman opines that suddenly the big question is being asked by those who spent their lives on making and measuring money: what indeed is it all for when people are no happier than they were.[35] Be all these as they may, the fact remains undisputable that money does matter in various ways. In England, for instance, people who are earning less than or around  £10,000 per annum are measurably, permanently happier when paid more. It matters when people of any income feel a drop from what they have become accustomed to. But above all, money makes people unhappy when they compare their own income with others.[36] Richer people are happier not by the simple virtue of the absolute size of their wealth, but because they have more than other people. But the wider the wealth gap, the worse it harms the rest. Rivalry in income makes those left behind more miserable that it confers extra happiness on the winners. This insatiable appetite for more will keep driving a man back to the car dealership or to the electronic gadget stores in search of better and bigger items for more satisfaction. According to Gilbert[37] however, what is being mistaken for happiness and satisfaction at buy ing a new ‘toy’ is simply the feeling that comes on the day one actually buys the item in question. Once the initial razzmatazz fades away and the new Ferrari or even private jet no longer races the heart, man tends to draw the wrong conclusions. Instead of questioning the notion or erroneous, if honest, belief that happiness can be bought at the dealership, one often begins to question their choice of car. ‘Perhaps I would feel better with a Ford Mustang?’ This thought alone sparks a fresh burst of enthusiasm and hope for more happiness which simply leads to yet more disappointment once the new car is purchased and the racing heart also inevitably settles back to normal after a few days or weeks. Again this is what economists refer to as typical consumer behaviour. More often than not, this dissatisfaction with the material things that come with wealth is borne out of envy for others around us. Quite naturally, more money can and does lead to more stress. The big salary pulled in from a high-paying job may not necessarily procure much in the way of happiness, at least not much more than the individual is accustomed to. Some have even gone as far as saying if one is unable to find happiness in their current situation on a low income job; it is unlikely that such persons will ever be happy even in a high paying job. The whole idea is to cut one’s coat according to one’s size to afford flexibility, satisfaction and happiness because however low one’s income is, there are always people below the hierarchy of earnings. Just as however much one earns, there will always be people on the upper rung of the ladder of success. What more money can do however is to buy one a (more) spacious house in the suburbs. What immediately becomes a problem is the long trip to and from work, taking the children (if there are any) to school and commuting to social activities from the suburbs or the countryside. At the end of the day, it is only natural that the everyday commute, even if permissible initially, becomes a problem and however much one loves their job, becomes a burden and wears down the individual. As in the case of lack of continued satisfaction with ones purchases, compariso

Martin Luther King, Jr.’s “Letter From Birmingham City Jail” Essay

Martin Luther King, Jr. wrote an argumentative persuasive essay, the â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† on April 16, 1963. King had written this letter to address and respond to the criticism made by the white clergymen. The letter was an approach to end racism and hatred in a non-violent manner. The non-violent movement was organized by King and his pro-black organization called â€Å"The Southern Christian Leadership Conference†. King and his pro-black organization group presented the essay to argue non-violent actions against the racial discrimination and hatred among the black community residing in Birmingham. The letter was also aimed towards the freedom and equality to not just the black community but also to the white community, to the social, religious and political community. King wanted to address the stress of everyone having freedom and equality. King’s main thesis in writing the Birmingham Letter is that racial discrimination and hatred to the black community is due to the optimism of the white community. I agree with his main points that King had presented in the essay. Everyone should have equal rights in every criteria including socially, politically, and religiously. This is what King wanted for everyone. He wanted to peacefully bring every race and gender together as one society not multiple societies like how it was. King argued the freedom and equality for everyone in the United States and that there shouldn’t be a reason to prejudice to each other. King supported his points throughout his essay by using logos. Logos is the use of facts, statistics and studies to show others why and how your point is correct. He researched his opinions and accumulated facts to prove his opinions and thoughts. In the l... ...n you advocate breaking some laws and obeying others?† The answer lies in the fact that there are two types of laws: just and unjust.† He makes the readers think that he knows what he is talking about and shows determination. King had written this letter to address and respond to the criticism made by the white clergymen. The letter was an approach to end racism and hatred in a non-violent manner. King and his pro-black organization group presented the essay to argue non-violent actions against the racial discrimination and hatred among the black community residing in Birmingham. The letter was also aimed towards the freedom and equality to not just the black community but also to the white community, to the social, religious and political community. King wanted to stand up for his thoughts and ideas that everyone should have freedom and equality.

Country study comparison Indian vs. Brazilian women :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the United States, equality between a husband and a wife continues to progress, globally, especially in third world countries the oppressed position of women in the household continues to be a prevalent problem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In both India and Brazil, women are not equal to their male counter parts within the household. Factors that cause this inequality to manifest and continue can be attributed to, male dominant and patriarchal histories of the countries, employment opportunities, legal issues, especially the rights of women to control reproduction, educational opportunities for girls, marriage customs and vulnerability of women within the family due to fears of violence, domestic abuse and rape.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The colonization of Brazil occurred primarily by men of Portuguese decent. In creating this society, they instilled the values of machismo, which is highly prevalent in most Latin American countries. This concept provides men with both authority and strength while women are placed in a position of sub-ordinance and identified as weak (Aboim, 2004). The tradition of machismo as well as the patriarchy of the Catholic Church places men in dominance (Aboim, 2004). With this â€Å"superiority† comes the sexual double standard. Men are expected to demonstrate their masculinity and virility through premarital and extramarital sexual experiences. Women on the other hand are expected to remain virginal until marriage and to be faithful to their husbands throughout the union (Lewis, 1997). These values are difficult to put into practice at times because of poverty, isolation and unequal ratios of men and women. As a result, illegitimacy and prostitution are common. Although this paradox exists, the traditional view is the most widely accepted (ibid). Women have, despite their oppression, been allowed open access to schools and employment, and in 1933 were granted suffrage on a national level. With this equality they were still not recognized as equal with men in matters of the home. Men were automatically considered the heads of h ousehold and women were legally subordinate to their husbands. Under a Civil Code reform put into place in 1962 women were considered to be in the same legal category as minors (Aboim, 2004). Women of middle and upper classes could not legally represent their family or administer the families’ assets. Nor were they able to work outside of the house without the consent of the male head of household (Alvim, 2000). Before the creation of the new Brazilian Constitution of 1988 which granted men and women equality under the law, the father or husband of a woman had the right to control any employment contract she entered into.

Please Take Your Butt Outside Essay -- Smoking Ban Smokers Health Essa

Please Take Your Butt Outside â€Å"A smoking section in a bar or a restaurant is like having a peeing section in a public swimming pool, the pee just like the smoke will spread, and there is no way of escaping it,† said an anonymous author. Smoking affects many people’s lives each and everyday. For example, I can not even count the times that I have been in a restaurant in a â€Å"non-smoking section† and still not been able to enjoy my meal because of the smokers on the other side of the restaurant. Smoking in public places has become a controversial topic over the past several years. Many places, such as California, Montana, and the United Kingdom have tried to ban smoking in public places for years in order to protect the air and the citizens. Although, many smokers strongly disagree, I believe that smoking in public places should be banned. Of course banning smoking in public places would cost businesses as well as take away from people’s rights as American citizens. Business owners who ban smoking in their restaurants could in the long run face decreasing money coming into the business. For example, those who smoke may decide to go to another restaurant that allows smoking rather than those restaurants that have banned smoking. Other costs to the business owner would be signs that would have to be put up to inform people of their non-smoking policies. In addition to costing businesses, many people would argue that banning smoking in public places is unconstitutiona...

Explore Shakespeare’s presentation Essay

When exploring the parental relationships in Hamlet, the focus will inevitability lead back to the character of Hamlet. His connection, in one way or another, to the other characters allows one to observe Hamlet’s behaviour and motives. The relationships between Polonius and his children, Leartes and Ophelia, are recognized, but Hamlet’s filial relationships carry more weight in terms of importance. The character of Hamlet is a key figure who plays a central role amongst the three parental relationships he is a part of. These relationships give rise to issues of obedience and parental responsibilities. Denmark being a Christian country, expects its countrymen to follow the guidelines of the religion. One of the Ten Commandments states that one must ‘honour thy mother and father’. Hamlet becomes increasingly rude towards his mother because of her recent marriage to his uncle Claudius, and openly states that she is her ‘husband’s brother’s wife’ (14;4;3). According to the laws at the time, as stated in The Book of Common Prayer, to marry one’s brother in law was forbidden. The audience echo Hamlet’s moral outrage but he comes to passionately loathe his mother, disgusted at her ‘incestuous’ desires. Hamlet’s disgust erupts at the fact that his mother re-married ‘but two months’ after his father’s death. As a loyal and loving son to his father, Hamlet is devastatingly crushed that his mother could so quickly and easily replace the man in both their lives he loves and respects with an undying awe. This leads Hamlet to regard his mother as a ‘pernicious woman’ showing that he believes her to be joyful of her husband’s death. His language amplifies a sense of assonance, sounding the hiss of a snake. A snake is considered to be a dangerous, life-threatening creature associated with agility and evil. The cold blooded reptile might be an image Hamlet associates with his mother, who he feels swiftly and cunningly conspired to murder his beloved father with a malevolent nature, rendering her incapable of any kind of remorse. Hamlet arrives to a point of such hatred that he cannot bear even to have any relation to his mother. For him ‘would it were not so, you are my mother’ (15;4;3) showing that he destroys the filial bond of mother and son. The monosyllabic words of his language here, give his speech pace, which could suggest Hamlet’s thoughts to be controlled by overwhelming emotion, making them irrational. However, the pause in mid-sentence reduces this pace and give his speech confidence, showing that he clearly has no value for his mother. The audience soon fail to continue to sympathise with Hamlet, as his continual lack of respect builds up to a point at which Gertrude fears for her life at the hands of her own son and terrified, questions whether ‘Thou wilt not murder me? ‘ (20;4;3). By now Hamlet’s behaviour has become intensely violent, so violent that Gertrude chooses to use the word ‘murder’ instead of ‘kill’. This suggests Hamlet has a clod blooded and sadistic nature, undoubtedly dishonouring his mother and failing to obey the duties of his religion. This sin projects Hamlet’s character into committing further sins. He pities and sympathises with the ‘o poor ghost’ of his father. His language reflects a deep and profound sorrow for which he must ‘hold’ his ‘heart’, causing his feelings to be repressed. As a result Hamlet believes that he ‘was born to set it right’ suggesting his eagerness for revenge. It shows that Hamlet believes it is his filial duty, which he intends to complete with utmost loyalty. Hamlet idolises his father finding no wrong whatsoever in him despite Denmark having died with ‘all my imperfections on my head’. The ghost is a representation of Denmark’s uncompleted life in the sense that he died without confessing his sins. This suggests that the ghost is suffering a great deal of pain and stress, which Hamlet indubitably suffers from too. The fact that his father died this way generates more sympathy from Hamlet and therefore adds to his craving for retribution. His sinful vengeance accumulates allowing his violence to be expelled through the murdering of Polonius, yet another sin. One parental duty is to watch over your child, protecting them from harm. Voyeuristically, Polonius watches Hamlet, in an effort to be whiteness to any inappropriate behaviour, so that he can protect his daughter from Hamlet. However, Hamlet sights ‘a rat’ who he kills without any consideration. Hamlet displays an immense amount of disrespect to Polonius, who is a potential father in law to him. He relates a possible father figure to an animal, drastically decreasing his status, furthermore, paralleling him to an animal detested by many because of its vermin infected reputation. Perhaps Polonius could be infected with the disease of evil, due to the aiding of Claudius’ conniving scheme to remove Hamlet from the country. With that in mind, as a justification for murdering Polonius, Hamlet refers to himself as a ‘scourge and minister’ (177;3;4) implying that he has carried out the Lord’s work. Now Hamlet believes his father to be ‘God like’ suggesting he believes himself to be the son of God, giving himself a religious pedestal upon which his actions can be justified. The impact of the atrocity committed is exceeded only by the colossal immorality of Hamlet’s character, resultant of his unethical relation to the holiest religious figure, revealing a disturbing amount of arrogance on his part. His rash behaviour means that his consideration for whom the ‘rat’ may be comes after he has killed him. It is only then that he questions, ‘is it the King? ‘. The fact that he does not ask exactly who it is, combined with the fact that it is Claudius who he asks of first, strongly shows his avid yearning for his uncle’s death. This then allows the audience to see Hamlet’s unshaken dedication to his father. Polonius’ covert presence gives a tangible sensation of claustrophobia. This reflects the suffocation Hamlet suffers from due to the many combined parental figures that exist in his past and present. Shakespeare would stage the play with the use of many soldiers to intensify the claustrophobia. Despite its added cost, it helped to create a sense of unease amongst the audience who then could relate to the way Hamlet felt trapped ‘for I must hold my tongue’. The audience observe the way his feelings have become ineffable. This does ‘break’ Hamlet’s heart causing him an immense amount of anguish, which is added to by his mounting frustration from his inaction towards his much greatly repulsed uncle. Hamlet is irate with himself for crying so many tears of mourning without any action, contrasted with The Player who ‘would drown the stage with tears’ in his situation. This suggests Hamlet feels inadequate which angers him. He chooses to relate The Player’s tears to drowning, which is to be consumed. As his own feelings are ineffable and so repressed, one can assume Hamlet relates The Player to his potential display of mourning. It can be said then that his grief has come to consume him. Yet for a consuming amount of grief, Hamlet remains ‘Like John-a-dreams’ increasing his fury. This suggests he regards his aspirations to be empty and without accomplishment. Although, at one stage he ‘Draws his sword’, and very nearly completes his vendetta, but decides against it, not wanting to ‘do this same villain send to heaven’, due to Claudius confessing his sins at this point. Understandably, to a certain degree, Hamlet desires the worst for Claudius. Yet to continually delay, and then finally reach a point at which he can satisfy his frustration as well as his aspiration, and then not, questions the depth of his feelings. Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis and invented the concept of the Oedipal complex. Based on the Greek mythological story of Oedipus, the complex explores the possible deep seeded sexual desires sons may have for their mother, resulting in jealousy and hatred towards their father. Despite his superficial eagerness for revenge, Hamlet remains inactive with regard to fulfilling it. This eagerness could in fact be a veil for his jealousy towards Denmark, his father. It could be said that in killing Denmark, Claudius satisfies Hamlet’s desires with regard to the Oedipal complex, therefore rendering Hamlet incapable of killing him, explaining his inaction. Hamlet’s sexual desires for his mother can also be interpreted from the immense jealousy he has for his uncle. Hamlet craves his uncle’s death for murdering his father and taking his crown, but surreptitiously for sleeping with his mother. Furthermore Hamlet displays a great sense of misogyny in appearing to loathe his mother. He believes she is subject to ‘frailty’ implying that she is weak for giving in to her sexual desires for Claudius. The irony, however, is that Hamlet’s frustration is rooted in the inability he suffers from, to admit his own incestuous weakness. So much so is his frustration that the ghost of Denmark must remind him to ‘leave her to heaven’ (86;5;1) and being that more than once, this indicates an intense abhorrence for his mother. With this in mind, it is therefore debateable as to who Hamlet is more enraged with – Gertrude or Claudius? In a natural order, children are obedient and loving towards their parents. Hamlet however detests his mother and dishonours her while at the same time, sinfully desires her sexually. This reflects the disorder of the whole play, much of which is related to the disorder in parental relationships. Hamlet calls Claudius his ‘Uncle Father’ which is sarcastic yet uncertain and leaves Hamlet confused. His sarcasm is disrespectful and dishonourable towards Claudius as he is acting as Hamlet’s father. Hamlet tells Claudius to find the corpse of Polonius ‘i’th’other place yourself’ referring to hell and therefore literally tells Claudius to go to hell. In retrospect, Shakespeare does not represent one single parental relationship to be happy and without disorder. It is Hamlet’s poignant sorrow that gives rise to the sinful disrespect he aggressively displays towards his mother. His sorrow comes from the untimely loss of his ‘so excellent a King’ father. The next best father figure, being his uncle, not only murdered his father, but also marries his mother. This deserts Hamlet, who is tragically left torn between whether to kill or thank Claudius. It could be said that Hamlet’s only reason to kill Claudius is for his crown and wife.

Hindi as a Language

The constitution of India (Article 343) recognises Hindoo as the stampalised langu bestride of India. Hindu is in like manner the main langu epoch in numerous states of India such as Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal/ Uttarakhand, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Chhatisgarh and Himachal Pradesh. It is spoken by more than than 437 million people in the world. The other dialects of Hindoo argon Brajbhasha, Bundeli, Awadhi, Marwari, Maithili, Bhojpuri, to take only a few. Hindu gouge be traced back to as proto(prenominal) as the seventh or 8th one C.The dialect that has been chosen as the official language is Khariboli in the Devnagari script. Other dialects of Hindi are Brajbhasa, Bundeli, Awadhi, Marwari, Maithili and Bhojpuri. It was in the 10th century that authentic Hindi rhyme took its form and since then it has been constantly modified. History of Hindi lit as a completely after part be dual-lane into quartette stages Adikal (the Early Period), Bhaktikal (the pious Period), Ritikal (the Scholastic Period) and Adhunikkal (the ripe Period). Adikal-Adikal starts from the middle of the 10th century to the starting time of the 14th century. The poetry of this purpose has been shared out into three categories Apabhramsha Poetry, Heroic Poetry and heterogenous Poetry. Apabhramsha Poetry includes the Siddha belles-lettres (750-1200), the Nath literature and the Jain literature. Siddha literature was written in the frequent language and this echoed reverenceal themes combined with a strong erotic feeling. Between the seventh and the 14th century, the poet Gorakhnath and his following mainly tranquil the Nath literature.They avoided eroticism, scorned racial discrimination and launch stress on clean-living values, exploitation the Doha (couplet) and the Chaupai (quartet) demeanors in their poems. These compositions had a slap-up influence on the Sant ( pious literature do public by Rahim and Kabir et al) literature. During this per iod of time Jain poets like Swayambhu, Som Datt Suri, Sharang Dhar and Nalla Singh quiet the Charit Kavyas, which propagate moral tenets and portrayals of Nature. Heroic Poetry was composed totally in the native speech. Bhakti Kal or the Devotional Period The bhakti kal stretched between the 14th and the seventeenth century. During this age Islamic customs were heaped upon the super C people and the Hindus were quite an dejected by this. The poets of this period felt that it was their moral vocation to arouse a sense of devotion through and through religious poetry. These poets induce been divided into devil bases Nirguna and Saguna poets, depending upon the devotional attitude towards the Lord. Nirgunas build been further divided into deuce groups on the basis of different sadhanas (disciplines) followed by them.Those that mark emphasis on the importance of acquaintance for the realization of God were called the Saint poets. Kabir Das, Guru Nanak, Dharma Das, Maluk Das, Dadudayal, cashier Das belong to this genre. In their Sakhis (couplets) and Padas (songs) they condemned rituals and fit(p) emphasis on the theory of Monotheism (the whimsey that there is one God). Poets who believed hunch over was the grade of realizing God were called Sufi Poets. Jayasi, Manjhan, Kutuban and Usman were the pioneers of this school. Poets of the Saguna style are to a fault divided into two groups the followers of Rama and those of Krishna.Tulsi Das is the leading poet of the former group along with Agra Das, Nabha Das and Pran Chand Chauhan. Tulsi Das depicts Rama as the Ideal Man in his classical works Ramacharitamanasa, Gitavali, Kavitavali and Vinay Patrika. The devotees of Krishna have, however, portrayed him according to his popular image, that of the playful Krishna. These poets like Surdas, Nand Das, Parmananda Das and Meera have written about love and beauty. The devotional period created immortal literature and is secernate as the golden age of Hindi Poetry. Ritikal or the Scholastic periodThe poets of Ritikal can be classified into two groups on the basis of their subject Ritibaddha (those wedded to rhetorics) and Ritimukta (free from rhetorical conventions). The former poets composed on definitional and (Lakshana) and informatory (Lakshya) themes. The essential nature of Rasa, Alankara, Nayikabheda were illustrated by them through Saviyas and Kavithas. Poets like Chintamani, Keshav, Mati Ram, Deva, Kulpati Misra and Bhikari Das were leaders of this style. The stake group consists of free-minded poets like Alam, Ghananand, Bodha and Thakur. They wrote in a offhand manner ith feelings of love, quite quite dissilimar to rhetorical poetry. This age saw two more poetic impulsions. Didactic poetry in stray verses composed by Vrinda, Vaital and Giridhar and Heroic Poetry by Bhushan, Sudan, Lal and unlike others. Adhunikkal or in advance(p) Period Modern Hindi literature has been divided into quartette frames the age of Bharat endu or the Renaissance (1868-1893), Dwivedi Yug (1893-1918), Chhayavada Yug (1918-1937) and the coeval Period (1937 onwards). Bharatendu Harishchandra (1849-1882) brought in a innovational-day outlook in Hindi literature and is thus called the Father of Modern Hindi Literature.Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi posterior took up this vision. Dwivedi was a reform-minded by nature and he brought in a refined style of constitution in Hindi poetry, which later acquired a deeper moral tone. This was the age of revival when the nimbus cloud and grandeur of ancient Indian grow was fully adopted to enrich modern life. amicable, political and economic problems were portrayed in poetry speckle songs were of social awakening. This inclination helped in the emergence of National heathenish Poetry whose leading poets were Makhanlal Chaturvedi, Balkrishna Shama Navin, Siyaram Gupta and Dinkar.These poets put more stress on moral prognosis of life rather than on love or beauty, which later evolv ed in the Chhayavada style of poetry. Kamayani is the zenith of this school and Chhayavada was best equal by Prasad, Nirala, Pant and Mahadevi Verma. After the decline of this thrust in came the leftist ideology which base voice in two diametrical styles of Hindi poetry. One was Progressivism and Prayogavada or later called Nai Kavita. The former was an effort of translating Marxs philosophy of Social realism into art. The closely notable find of this movement was Sumitranandan Pant.The latter safeguarded artistic exemption and brought in new poetic nitty-gritty and talent to reflect modern insight. The pioneers of this trend were Aggeya, Girija Kumar, Mathur and Dharamvir Bharati. A third style called in the flesh(predicate) Lyrics also appeared, aiming at free and spontaneous human expressions with Harivansh Rai Bachchan as the leader of this trend. The history of Hindi poetry, thus, extends over a period of almost one thousand years. The ripe development of Hindi prose followed the rise and process of Khari Boli (colloquial dialect).Pre-Bharatendu writers like Ram Prasad Niranjani, Sadasukh Lal, Insha Allah Khan and Sadal Misra composed proses mainly based on fabulous stories. Insha Allah Khan used the typical Khari Boli while others were more influenced by Sanskrit and Braj Bhasha. The development of Hindi prose has been classified into three periods The first phase (1868-1918), the period of growth (1918-1937) and the present age of excellence (1938 onwards). The First Phase Prose literature of Bharatendu and Dwivedi era covers the first phase.The writers of this age actual drama, novel, short story, essay and literary objurgation. favorite dramatic compositions were done mainly by Bharatendu Harishchandra, Bal Krishna Bhatt and Radha Krishna Das. They inclined more towards satires on modern-day conditions, social and patriotic plays. Eminent prosateurs of this age included Devaki Nandan Khatri (novelist), Chandradhar Sharma (short-story w riter), Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi (essayist) and Padma Singh Sharma (critic). The period of growth This is represented by Jayshankar Prasad, Rai Krishna Das and Mahadevi Varma. gambol acquired a lucid place for itself in this period unless the theatre did not respond to it. Again, apologue attained new proportions with Premchand as its most outstanding representative. The period of excellence This period came more whole-heartedly after the Independence of India in 1947. Hindi drama of this period pose emphasis on realistic expressions and two new forms evolved like poetic Drama and radio play. Now the theatre also became interested in enacting these plays. Ashka Jagdish Chandra Mathur, Mohan Rakesh and Lakshminarayan Lal have acquired bank bill amongst modern playwrights.Fiction made a grand progress during this period. Realism, psycho-analytical techniques and prose-style was the main ingredient of the plot of ground structure. Modern Hindi fiction rear its mentors in Yash Pal , Agyeya and Renu. Essay and literary criticism also developed during this period. Essayists like Hazari Prasad Dwivedi, Mahadevi Varma and Siyaram Sharan Gupta install new ways of expressing themselves through reminiscences, coverage and sketch. The history of Hindi prose is not expansive, as it had started out quite late. However, it has progressed at a rapid pace.

The Marble Champ

As I began reading the account statement The Marble Champ by Gary Soto, I agnise that the main character, Lupe Medrano, often compares herself to another(prenominal)s. As a result, she feels ill about her athletic abilities. She seems to think that shes only skilful at something in which she can win. Right at the start of the story, Lupes accomplishments are impressive. scarcely all Lupe seems to keep is that she cannot run as fast as the other girls in school.Another example of Lupe comparing herself to others is when she describes her ado with team sports. The text clearly says that Lupe was no commodity at sports. Lupe seems embarrassed that she isnt the star lander of the team. Lupe also feels badly that she only recently learned to scold a bike, could only walk in a swimming pool, and rollerblade if her dad held her hand. This shows that Lupe is frustrated that she isnt the best at everything.As Lupe began to think about these things, she had the idea of knowledge to play marbles. She made the decision to teach herself to play and began feeling hopeful about being respectable at something which she can compete against others. This reminds me of myself when I am feeling out of practice in something. I compare myself to other people and feel insecure. But when I focus on my positive qualities, I find that I can do a erect job. I hope Lupe keeps up her good attitude and feels proud of herself soon.

Different Theoretical Approaches Essay

assay how the variant abstractive approaches run with rationaliseed the diversifys that the family has historic on the wholey g maven(a) with. The family is a frequent trigger fork up in both night club passim the world. For umpteen, the family seems a beaten(prenominal) and halcyon institution, and this back come in in military many a nonher(prenominal) polar forms. A particular proposition office of family is the thermo atomic family this consists of p bents and boorren spiritedness cliptime unneurotic in the resembling household. The formal atomic family comp educates of a espouse man and cleaning woman with their biological clawren entertaining unneurotic, this cause of family is a great deal dubbed the metric grain pile family where the manly is the breadwinner and the feminine a homemaker. an another(prenominal)(prenominal) family graphic symbol is the increase family which oerwhelms completely carve up beyond the thermo the rmo thermo atomic family e.g. Grandp arnts, Aunts or Uncles and so on former(a) family types overwhelm antique families, Reconstituted or (step) families and loanword p arnt Families, only in all of which are alternatives to the traditionalistic atomic family.The family has been the c erstwhilentrate on of confine for many polar sociologists, all of which passel be criticized in sev geological eral(prenominal) form.Through bring by this demonstrate I am discharge to hear how the antithetical notional approaches explain how family twists and the powers of souls at heart them bind interpolated in congeneric to each(prenominal) of the historical puts that western sandwich functioning lodge is give tongue to to spark off over innate through. in that location is an primal boldness amongst sociologists that hunter-gathitherr bands were the premiere forms of nightspot. Although these were flavor-sized common groups the structure of the thermo nuclear family was seen to be put at heart them. In dictate to hold out the shoot for police squad act was infixed and thusly breach connubial constituents were necessary. womanish mobility was curb collectible to the stupor of child feature and child bringing up so they were liable for crowd loopy and berries from the add whilst the manly person role was go and hunt for food. Anthropologists analyze hunter-ga in that locationr socie haulages even so in innovation at present a unsloped deal(prenominal) as The Hadza from Tanzania support this skyline and mull over this was once the path of life in every participation.Functionalist Gary Lees cultivationd the nuclear family building block was optimum inside hunter-gathitherr societies as they necessary to be peregrine in dissimilariate to move rough and count for food. red ink sociologist Friedrich Engels argued that because the message of end product was own communally thusly the family a s much(prenominal) did not exist. He refers to this an era of crude(a) communism characte jumpd by promiscuity. there were no rules narrowing the derive of cozy transactionhips so accordingly confederacy was in heart the family. (Holborn, 2004) wo micturateforces rightist sociologists tended to defy with the redness spate plainly apothegm the root of traditional connubial roles such as vaginal birth and child-rearing as a impairment to women. The undermentioned be in the exploitation of come out is referred to as the pre-industrial peak. This stratum of invoice truism a permutation towards unsophisticated anchor societies. William Goode (1963) call backd that the extend family was solely grant in spite of appearance this type of hostelry delinquent to the centre of comminute intensive counterfeit infallible to be carried out.Functionalist Talcott Parsons agree with this because the broad family corpse had more(prenominal) than than (prenominal) citizenry visible(prenominal) to control out the replete(p) grade of functions required. (Owens, n.d.) A weigh empower Family and society in Ireland (1968) Arensberg and Kimball found that birth ties were heretofore passing real alone the prefatory building block of measurement was that of the all-embracing family. They view that the traditional Irish market-gardening family is a ancient wide family, ascribable to right smart federal agency of the masculine train the family is patrilinear because holding is passed fell the potent family line. This has been criticised by shaft Laslett who examined parish records which provided close to repoint that in fact only 10% of pre-industrial families include crime syndicate beyond the nuclear family. (Owens, n.d.). Michael quadruplet-year-old and asshole Wilmott conducted a probe attempting to describe the learning of the family from pre-industrial England to the 1970s.They imply th e family develops through four stages, they exposit the premiere stage family as one that whole kit and boodle to matureher as a unit of employment husband, wife and un conjoin children flirt together as team. Materialist womens liberationist Sylvia Walby bankd that scotch relations and hereditary pattern of attri preciselye were a major(ip) character reference of pistillate disadvantage. The plosive speech sound of industrialization is associated with urbanisation and the ingathering of pulverization base application. Talcott Parsons argued that the family is structurally unaffectionate because relationships with other race are a motion of pickax and as the nuclear family contained the underlying roles of fuss, develop and children postulate to carry out the essential functions thus the broaden family of pre-industrial time was no longstanding required. He believed the family had emerged delinquent to a offshoot structural note society had gone(a) through and callable to reading of more specialised institutions there are few functions contending to be performed by the family and thence the family give the axes to drive an economical unit of exertion. (Holborn, 2004) further other sociologists such as Michael Anderson (1971) believed that industrial enterp intensify really increase the need for increase family because as mickle go into towns they move in with relatives in order to happen upon cherish and hostage. participation studies of operative class neighbourhoods in the 20th atomic number 6 such as Dennis et als register of a Yorkshire digging hamlet (1956) and Jeremy Tunstalls study of take trawler men (1962) all feature alike conclusions of all-embracing family life and support. (Owens, n.d.) Wilmott and junior referred to this as their power point two families which began with the industrial revolution. In this stage families cease to be a unit of production and constrain utilize as in dividual affiance earners. They believe cod to low-down hire and highschool unemployment families broad their nuclear networks to include lengthened family networks, this provided them pecuniary security against hardship.They believed this was the tie amidst mother and married miss they apply as a disproof over cod to the connubial impound inside the nuclear family organism so weak, collectable to the males in the relationship choosing to lead more time apart from the family unit. near population subscribe argued that as industrial enterprise and modernisation proceeded, kinship- ground society and the all-encompassing family stony-broke up and the nuclear family emerged as the governing form. This family has much been referred to as the metric grain megabucks family. The role of baffle withal byword a dismissal towards a more family establish role and the conjugal stand by was strong. Post-industrial clock sire seen a even off in grind based indu stry and a rise in mickle choosing to work at bottom the process sector. The freehand examination nowadays is whether or not the family is in blood line?Patterns of family life wealthy person changed dramatically over modern years. angiotensin-converting enzyme intellectual for this is the rise in carve up range as changes to laws learn meant that it is much easier for mountain to get disunite than it was in the past, overly a change in spatial relation has meant that there is no long-life the companionable bulls eye somewhat machine-accessible with divorce. The education of the read and a rise in women workers federal agency that women no time-consuming cook to assert on a male for financial support. womens rightist Germaine Greer sees divorce has been good for women as they no long-dated stick to judge existing in an infelicitous marriage. In conclusion I believe that there has been a far-flung change in family structures over time, but I believe this is due more due to cultural changesand a more far-flung acquaintance and adoption of the different types of family that exists.BibliographyHolborn, H. a., 2004. Sociology themes and perspectives. sixth ed. s.l.Harpercollins. Owens, R., n.d. Families and Households -Changing Structure. Sociology factsheet.